Under James, the "Golden Age" of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Sir Francis Bacon contributing to a flourishing literary culture. Northampton assumed the day-to-day running of government business, and spoke of "the death of the little man for which so many rejoice and few do as much as seem to be sorry. Due to various translation issues which had emerged over the years, a new version was completed to make a final draft, such as it was. Charles I was born in Fife on 19 November 1600, the second son of James VI of Scotland (from 1603 also James I of England) and Anne of Denmark. Several people were convicted of using witchcraft to send storms against James's ship, most notably Agnes Sampson. Liv Helene Willumsen, 'Witchcraft against Royal Danish Ships in 1589 and the Transnational Transfer of Ideas', Association for Scottish Literary Studies, "Filled with 'a number of male lovelies': the surprising court of King James VI and I", "Great Britains Salomon A sermon preached at the magnificent funerall, of the most high and mighty king, Iames, the late King of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. At the Collegiat Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, the seuenth of May 1625. After 1603, when he took the English throne, James only returned to Scotland once, fourteen years later. The introduction of Henry Howard (soon Earl of Northampton) and of Thomas Howard (soon Earl of Suffolk) marked the beginning of the rise of the Howard family to power in England, which culminated in their dominance of James's government after the death of Cecil in 1612. When Sir Walter Raleigh was released from imprisonment in 1616, he embarked on a hunt for gold in South America with strict instructions from James not to engage the Spanish. He studied Greek, French, and Latin and made good use of a library of classical and religious writings that his tutors, George Buchanan and Peter Young, assembled for him. King James I’s “favourites” were his closest courtiers and confidantes. To parliamentary statesmen used to Tudor dignity, James’s shambling gait, restless garrulity, and dribbling mouth ill befitted his exalted claims to power and privilege. Julian Goodare, 'James VI's English Subsidy', in Julian Goodare & Michael Lynch, Henry VII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody, James I of England and the English Parliament, in line with other monarchs of England between 1340 and 1801, Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, The Essayes of a Prentise in the Divine Art of Poesie. Thenceforward, in his own unsteady fashion, he remained true to this policy, and even Elizabeth’s execution of his mother in 1587 drew from him only formal protests. "James I and the Historians: Not a Bad King After All? After falling under the influence of the duke of Lennox, a Roman Catholic who schemed to win back Scotland for the imprisoned Queen Mary, James was kidnapped by William Ruthven, 1st earl of Gowrie, in 1582 and was forced to denounce Lennox. [95], James achieved more success in foreign policy. In short, James I was more apt to pursue his own absolutist policies than to side with any particular faith, and he suppressed all who tried to undermine his total authority. In Scotland, James was "James the sixth, King of Scotland", until 1604. "Your greatest error", he told Salisbury, "hath been that ye ever expected to draw honey out of gall". "I will not thank where I feel no thanks due", he had remarked in his closing speech. [190], The Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland under James was symbolised heraldically by combining their arms, supporters and badges.